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Union Public Service Commission offers Anthropology as an optional subject among 48 others. UPSC Anthropology Optional Subject generally contains in-depth scientific and logic-based questions and requires a clear understanding of the topic and concepts. Most of the topics are intertwined with each other, so, the candidates must focus on preparing this subject thoroughly.

• • Anthropology is a core aspect of biology
  • One must choose Anthropology as their optional subject in UPSC civil services exam only if their niche lies in it.
  • Anthropology covers all the social, biological and archaeological aspects of anthropology.
  • The UPSC exam focuses on the practical knowledge of the subject rather than theoretical knowledge.

The candidates from a science affiliated background can choose anthropology as their optional subject. In this article, detailed information about the UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus, Paper Pattern, Preparation Tips and Reference Books.

Download the Latest UPSC Anthropology Syllabus PDF Here!

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus for IAS Exam

Not just anthropology, but any other optional subject initially requires proper knowledge of the syllabus and the paper pattern of the subject.

The UPSC Anthropology Optional Syllabus is listed below:

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus for Optional Paper I

Topic	Sub-Topic
Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology	Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities. Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance: Social-cultural Anthropology. Biological Anthropology. Archaeological Anthropology. Linguistic Anthropology. Human Evolution and the emergence of Man: Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution. Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-Darwinian). Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll's rule, Cope's rule, Gause's rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution). Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications. Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities. Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis). Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type). Rhodesian man. Homo sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelade. The biological basis of life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division. Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods. Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures: Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Chalcolithic Copper-Bronze Age Iron Age
The Nature of Culture	The concept and characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Relativism. The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions; Social groups; and Social stratification. Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride wealth and dowry). Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family. Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complementary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
Economic organization	Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing the production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.
Political organization and Social Control	Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple societies.
Religion	Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and science distinguished; magico- religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer and witch).
Anthropological Theories	Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer) Historical particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural- functionalism (Radcliffe-Brown) Structuralism (L'evi – Strauss and E. Leach) Culture and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora – du Bois). Neo – evolutionism (Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service) Cultural materialism (Harris) Symbolic and interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin) Postmodernism in anthropology
Culture, language and communication	Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and non-verbal communication; social context of language use.
Research methods in anthropology	Fieldwork tradition in anthropology The distinction between technique, method and methodology Tools of data collection: observation, interview, schedules, questionnaire, Case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of information, participatory methods. Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
Human Genetics	Methods and Application: Methods for the study of genetic principles in the man-family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies. Mendelian genetics in the man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and polygenic inheritance in man. Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency – mutation, isolation, migration, selection, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages. Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology. Numerical and structural aberrations (disorders). Sex chromosomal aberrations – Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders. Autosomal aberrations – Down syndrome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat syndromes. Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic screening, genetic counselling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man. Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics-Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups. Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations – Genetic and Non- genetic factors. Man's physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude climate. Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases. Nutritional deficiency-related diseases.
Concept of human growth and development	Stages of growth – prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. Factors affecting growth and development are genetic, environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic. Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations – biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
Demographic theories- biological, social and cultural	Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bio events to fertility. Fertility patterns and differentials.  Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.
Applications of Anthropology	Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipment, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic counselling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus for Optional Paper-II

Topic	Sub-Topic
Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization	Prehistoric (Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic – Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civilization): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal cultures to Indian civilization. Palaeo – anthropological evidence from India with special reference to Siwaliks and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man). Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethnoarchaeology; Survivals and Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant communities including arts and crafts producing communities.
Demographic profile of India	Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian population and their distribution. Indian population – factors influencing its structure and growth. The structure and nature of the traditional Indian social system – Varnashrama, Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.
Caste system in India	structure and characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories of origin of the caste system, Dominant caste, Caste mobility, Future of caste system, Jajmani system, Tribe- caste continuum. Sacred Complex and Nature- Man- Spirit Complex. Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society.
Emergence and growth of anthropology in India	Contributions of the 18th, 19th and early 20th Century scholar-administrators. Contributions of Indian anthropologists to tribal and caste studies.
Indian Village	Significance of village study in India; Indian village as a social system; Traditional and changing patterns of settlement and inter-caste relations; Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Impact of globalization on Indian villages. Linguistic and religious minorities and their social, political and economic status. Indigenous and exogenous processes of socio-cultural change in Indian society: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization; Inter-play of little and great traditions; Panchayati raj and social change; Media and social change.
The tribal situation in India	Bio-genetic variability, linguistic and socio-economic characteristics of tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal Communities — land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, underemployment, health and nutrition. Developmental projects and their impact on tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation. Development of forest policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization and industrialization on tribal populations
Problems of exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes	Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes. Social change and contemporary tribal societies: Impact of modern democratic institutions, development programmes and welfare measures on tribals and weaker sections. The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic conflicts and political developments; Unrest among tribal communities; Regionalism and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribalism; Social change among the tribes during colonial and post-Independent India.
Role of anthropology	History of administration of tribal areas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of tribal development and their implementation. The concept of PTG's (Primitive Tribal Groups), their distribution, special programmes for their development. Role of N.G.O.s in tribal development. Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism, and ethnic and political movements.

Check the detailed UPSC IAS Mains Syllabus here.

UPSC Anthropology Exam Pattern 2021

UPSC Recruitment is based on three stages i.e., Prelim Exam, Mains Exam and an Interview. The candidates get to choose their optional subject for Paper VI & VII.

Here are the details about the UPSC Anthropology exam pattern for IAS mains:

• • There will be two papers for the Anthropology Optional Subject.
  • Each paper would comprise 250 marks, which makes it 500 marks in total.
  • There is no negative marking.
  • There are 9 papers total in the UPSC Mains Exam.
  • Each paper would have objective answer type questions.

Sr. No.	IAS Mains Papers	Subject	Marks
1.	Paper VI	Optional Subject Paper-I	250
2.	Paper VII	Optional Subject Paper-II	250
TOTAL			500
Time Duration			3 hours

Check the detailed UPSC IAS exam pattern here.

How to Prepare for UPSC Anthropology Syllabus for IAS Exam?

Anthropology is a subject chosen mainly by the aspirant from the science/ engineering background or one similar to these. If one has a strong interest in Anthropology it becomes a child's play to earn decent merit in the overall examination.

• • Anthropology is a subject, which requires basic chemistry and physics knowledge; especially in UPSC.
  • It is recommended to refer to the NCERT books for Anthropology preparation.
  • As mentioned earlier, every topic is interlinked so candidates must focus to cover each and every topic thoroughly.
  • It's mandatory to solve previous years' question papers, mock tests, test series, etc. from UPSC civil services test series.
  • Candidates must make topic-wise self notes and must rely solely on standard reference books.

Prepare for the exam using the UPSC IAS mains strategy here.

UPSC Anthropology Previous Year's Question Papers

To get an idea about the paper pattern, marking scheme, time-management, candidates must make it a compulsion to solve UPSC Anthropology previous years' question papers.

Check some more UPSC IAS Previous Year's Question Papers for other subjects here!

Books to Refer for UPSC Anthropology Syllabus

Some of the best books to study the complete UPSC Anthropology optional subject are mentioned below:

• • Anthropology Demystified (Akshat Jain)
  • An introduction to social Anthropology (D.N. Majumdar and T.N. Madan
  • Anthropology by Ember and Ember
  • Physical Anthropology (P. Nath)
  • Indian Anthropology by R.N. Sharma

Check out other UPSC Optional Subject Syllabus pages for the Civil Services exam here:

This article comprised detailed information about the syllabus, paper pattern, reference books and previous years' question papers. For step-by-step guidance, preparation strategies, test series, syllabus, etc. do install Testbook App.

UPSC Anthropology Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2021 FAQs

Q.1 Can candidates from any background choose Anthropology as their optional subject in the UPSC exam?

Ans.1
No, candidates from life science background or similar can choose Anthropology as their optional subject UPSC exam.

Q.2 Does UPSC Anthropology also comprise the current social and economic Anthropology?

Ans.2
Yes, UPSC Anthropology also comprises the current social and economic Anthropology along with its applications.

Q.3 Are there any changes in the syllabus of UPSC Anthropology optional subject as compared to last year?

Ans.3
No, there has been no major change in the UPSC Anthropology syllabus as compared to the previous years.

Q.4 What is the duration of the UPSC Anthropology optional Exam?

Ans.4
Every UPSC optional subject is allotted 3 hours of duration.

Q.5 How many papers are there for the UPSC Anthropology Optional Subject?

Ans.5
There are 2 papers in the UPSC Anthropology Optional Subject of 250 marks each.

Subject-wise NCERT Notes for UPSC Exams

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